They print out a pointer in symbolic format, if possible (ie using
symbolic KALLSYMS information). The '%pS' format is for regular direct
pointers (which can point to data or code and that you find on the stack
during backtraces etc), while '%pF' is for C function pointer types.
On most architectures, the two mean exactly the same thing, but some
architectures use an indirect pointer for C function pointers, where the
function pointer points to a function descriptor (which in turn contains
the actual pointer to the code). The '%pF' code automatically does the
appropriate function descriptor dereference on such architectures.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This expands the kernel '%p' handling with an arbitrary alphanumberic
specifier extension string immediately following the '%p'. Right now
it's just being ignored, but the next commit will start adding some
specific pointer type extensions.
NOTE! The reason the extension is appended to the '%p' is to allow
minimal gcc type checking: gcc will still see the '%p' and will check
that the argument passed in is indeed a pointer, and yet will not
complain about the extended information that gcc doesn't understand
about (on the other hand, it also won't actually check that the pointer
type and the extension are compatible).
Alphanumeric characters were chosen because there is no sane existing
use for a string format with a hex pointer representation immediately
followed by alphanumerics (which is what such a format string would have
traditionally resulted in).
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The actual code is the same, just split out into a helper function.
This makes it easier to read, and allows for simple future extension
of %p handling.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The actual code is the same, just split out into a helper function.
This makes it easier to read, and allows for future sharing of the
string code.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
lib/vsprintf.c: Fix bug omitting minus sign of numbers (module_param)
Signed-off-by: Hoang-Nam Nguyen <hnguyen@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Yi Yang <yi.y.yang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In arch/x86/boot/printf.c gets rid of unused tail of digits: const char
*digits = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; (we are using 0-9a-f
only)
Uses smaller/faster lowercasing (by ORing with 0x20)
if we know that we work on numbers/digits. Makes
strtoul smaller, and also we are getting rid of
static const char small_digits[] = "0123456789abcdefx";
static const char large_digits[] = "0123456789ABCDEFX";
since this works equally well:
static const char digits[16] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
Size savings:
$ size vmlinux.org vmlinux
text data bss dec hex filename
877320 112252 90112 1079684 107984 vmlinux.org
877048 112252 90112 1079412 107874 vmlinux
It may be also a tiny bit faster because code has less
branches now, but I doubt it is measurable.
[ hugh@veritas.com: uppercase pointers fix ]
Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Currently, for every sysfs node, the callers will be responsible for
implementing store operation, so many many callers are doing duplicate
things to validate input, they have the same mistakes because they are
calling simple_strtol/ul/ll/uul, especially for module params, they are
just numeric, but you can echo such values as 0x1234xxx, 07777888 and
1234aaa, for these cases, module params store operation just ignores
succesive invalid char and converts prefix part to a numeric although input
is acctually invalid.
This patch tries to fix the aforementioned issues and implements
strict_strtox serial functions, kernel/params.c uses them to strictly
validate input, so module params will reject such values as 0x1234xxxx and
returns an error:
write error: Invalid argument
Any modules which export numeric sysfs node can use strict_strtox instead of
simple_strtox to reject any invalid input.
Here are some test results:
Before applying this patch:
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0x1000 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0x1000g > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0x1000gggggggg > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 010000 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0100008 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 010000aaaaa > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]#
After applying this patch:
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0x1000 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0x1000g > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
-bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0x1000gggggggg > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
-bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 010000 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 0100008 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
-bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo 010000aaaaa > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
-bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]# echo -n 4096 > /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
[root@yangyi-dev /]# cat /sys/module/e1000/parameters/copybreak
4096
[root@yangyi-dev /]#
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix compiler warnings]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix off-by-one found by tiwai@suse.de]
Signed-off-by: Yi Yang <yi.y.yang@intel.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Cc: "Randy.Dunlap" <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Cc: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kasprintf pulls in kmalloc which proved to be fatal for at least
bootimage target on alpha.
Move it to a separate file so only users of kasprintf are exposed
to the dependency on kmalloc.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Cc: Meelis Roos <mroos@linux.ee>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Jay Estabrook <jay.estabrook@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Optimize integer-to-string conversion in vsprintf.c for base 10. This is
by far the most used conversion, and in some use cases it impacts
performance. For example, top reads /proc/$PID/stat for every process, and
with 4000 processes decimal conversion alone takes noticeable time.
Using code from
http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/bcd/decimal.html
(with permission from the author, Douglas W. Jones)
binary-to-decimal-string conversion is done in groups of five digits at
once, using only additions/subtractions/shifts (with -O2; -Os throws in
some multiply instructions).
On i386 arch gcc 4.1.2 -O2 generates ~500 bytes of code.
This patch is run tested. Userspace benchmark/test is also attached.
I tested it on PIII and AMD64 and new code is generally ~2.5 times
faster. On AMD64:
# ./vsprintf_verify-O2
Original decimal conv: .......... 151 ns per iteration
Patched decimal conv: .......... 62 ns per iteration
Testing correctness
12895992590592 ok... [Ctrl-C]
# ./vsprintf_verify-O2
Original decimal conv: .......... 151 ns per iteration
Patched decimal conv: .......... 62 ns per iteration
Testing correctness
26025406464 ok... [Ctrl-C]
More realistic test: top from busybox project was modified to
report how many us it took to scan /proc (this does not account
any processing done after that, like sorting process list),
and then I test it with 4000 processes:
#!/bin/sh
i=4000
while test $i != 0; do
sleep 30 &
let i--
done
busybox top -b -n3 >/dev/null
on unpatched kernel:
top: 4120 processes took 102864 microseconds to scan
top: 4120 processes took 91757 microseconds to scan
top: 4120 processes took 92517 microseconds to scan
top: 4120 processes took 92581 microseconds to scan
on patched kernel:
top: 4120 processes took 75460 microseconds to scan
top: 4120 processes took 66451 microseconds to scan
top: 4120 processes took 67267 microseconds to scan
top: 4120 processes took 67618 microseconds to scan
The speedup comes from much faster generation of /proc/PID/stat
by sprintf() calls inside the kernel.
Signed-off-by: Douglas W Jones <jones@cs.uiowa.edu>
Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* There is no point in having full "0...9a...z" constant vector,
if we use only "0...9a...f" (and "x" for "0x").
* Post-decrement usually needs a few more instructions, so use
pre decrement instead where makes sense:
- while (i < precision--) {
+ while (i <= --precision) {
* if base != 10 (=> base 8 or 16), we can avoid using division
in a loop and use mask/shift, obtaining much faster conversion.
(More complex optimization for base 10 case is in the second patch).
Overall, size vsprintf.o shows ~80 bytes smaller text section
with this patch applied.
Signed-off-by: Douglas W Jones <jones@cs.uiowa.edu>
Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I was playing with some code that sometimes got a string where a %n
match should have been done where the input string ended, for example
like this:
sscanf("abc123", "abc%d%n", &a, &n); /* doesn't work */
sscanf("abc123a", "abc%d%n", &a, &n); /* works */
However, the scanf function in the kernel doesn't convert the %n in that
case because it has already matched the complete input after %d and just
completely stops matching then. This patch fixes that.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes@sipsolutions.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a kvasprintf() function to complement kasprintf().
No in-tree users yet, but I have some coming up.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: EXPORT it]
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Keir Fraser <keir@xensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The return value of scnprintf() never exceeds @size.
Signed-off-by: Martin Peschke <mp3@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A variety of (mostly) innocuous fixes to the embedded kernel-doc content in
source files, including:
* make multi-line initial descriptions single line
* denote some function names, constants and structs as such
* change erroneous opening '/*' to '/**' in a few places
* reword some text for clarity
Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Cc: "Randy.Dunlap" <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The recent vsnprintf() fix introduced an off-by-one, and it's now
possible to overrun the target buffer by one byte.
The "end" pointer points to past the end of the buffer, so if we
have to truncate the result, it needs to be done though "end[-1]".
[ This is just an alternate and simpler patch to one proposed by Andrew
and Jeremy, who actually noticed the problem ]
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Acked-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Implement kasprintf, a kernel version of asprintf. This allocates the
memory required for the formatted string, including the trailing '\0'.
Returns NULL on allocation failure.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This change allows callers to use a 0-byte buffer and a NULL buffer pointer
with vsnprintf, so it can be used to determine how large the resulting
formatted string will be.
Previously the code effectively treated a size of 0 as a size of 4G (on
32-bit systems), with other checks preventing it from actually trying to
emit the string - but the terminal \0 would still be written, which would
crash if the buffer is NULL.
This change changes the boundary check so that 'end' points to the putative
location of the terminal '\0', which is only written if size > 0.
vsnprintf still allows the buffer size to be set very large, to allow
unbounded buffer sizes (to implement sprintf, etc).
[akpm@osdl.org: fix long-vs-longlong confusion]
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
I recently picked up my older work to remove unnecessary #includes of
sched.h, starting from a patch by Dave Jones to not include sched.h
from module.h. This reduces the number of indirect includes of sched.h
by ~300. Another ~400 pointless direct includes can be removed after
this disentangling (patch to follow later).
However, quite a few indirect includes need to be fixed up for this.
In order to feed the patches through -mm with as little disturbance as
possible, I've split out the fixes I accumulated up to now (complete for
i386 and x86_64, more archs to follow later) and post them before the real
patch. This way this large part of the patch is kept simple with only
adding #includes, and all hunks are independent of each other. So if any
hunk rejects or gets in the way of other patches, just drop it. My scripts
will pick it up again in the next round.
Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
handling of %t... (ptrdiff_t) in vsnprintf
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
