108 lines
5.3 KiB
Text
108 lines
5.3 KiB
Text
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Subsystem Trace Points: kmem
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The kmem tracing system captures events related to object and page allocation
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within the kernel. Broadly speaking there are five major subheadings.
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o Slab allocation of small objects of unknown type (kmalloc)
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o Slab allocation of small objects of known type
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o Page allocation
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o Per-CPU Allocator Activity
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o External Fragmentation
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This document describes what each of the tracepoints is and why they
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might be useful.
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1. Slab allocation of small objects of unknown type
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===================================================
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kmalloc call_site=%lx ptr=%p bytes_req=%zu bytes_alloc=%zu gfp_flags=%s
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kmalloc_node call_site=%lx ptr=%p bytes_req=%zu bytes_alloc=%zu gfp_flags=%s node=%d
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kfree call_site=%lx ptr=%p
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Heavy activity for these events may indicate that a specific cache is
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justified, particularly if kmalloc slab pages are getting significantly
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internal fragmented as a result of the allocation pattern. By correlating
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kmalloc with kfree, it may be possible to identify memory leaks and where
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the allocation sites were.
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2. Slab allocation of small objects of known type
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=================================================
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kmem_cache_alloc call_site=%lx ptr=%p bytes_req=%zu bytes_alloc=%zu gfp_flags=%s
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kmem_cache_alloc_node call_site=%lx ptr=%p bytes_req=%zu bytes_alloc=%zu gfp_flags=%s node=%d
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kmem_cache_free call_site=%lx ptr=%p
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These events are similar in usage to the kmalloc-related events except that
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it is likely easier to pin the event down to a specific cache. At the time
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of writing, no information is available on what slab is being allocated from,
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but the call_site can usually be used to extrapolate that information.
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3. Page allocation
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==================
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mm_page_alloc page=%p pfn=%lu order=%d migratetype=%d gfp_flags=%s
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mm_page_alloc_zone_locked page=%p pfn=%lu order=%u migratetype=%d cpu=%d percpu_refill=%d
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mm_page_free page=%p pfn=%lu order=%d
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mm_page_free_batched page=%p pfn=%lu order=%d cold=%d
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These four events deal with page allocation and freeing. mm_page_alloc is
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a simple indicator of page allocator activity. Pages may be allocated from
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the per-CPU allocator (high performance) or the buddy allocator.
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If pages are allocated directly from the buddy allocator, the
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mm_page_alloc_zone_locked event is triggered. This event is important as high
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amounts of activity imply high activity on the zone->lock. Taking this lock
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impairs performance by disabling interrupts, dirtying cache lines between
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CPUs and serialising many CPUs.
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When a page is freed directly by the caller, the only mm_page_free event
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is triggered. Significant amounts of activity here could indicate that the
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callers should be batching their activities.
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When pages are freed in batch, the also mm_page_free_batched is triggered.
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Broadly speaking, pages are taken off the LRU lock in bulk and
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freed in batch with a page list. Significant amounts of activity here could
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indicate that the system is under memory pressure and can also indicate
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contention on the zone->lru_lock.
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4. Per-CPU Allocator Activity
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=============================
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mm_page_alloc_zone_locked page=%p pfn=%lu order=%u migratetype=%d cpu=%d percpu_refill=%d
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mm_page_pcpu_drain page=%p pfn=%lu order=%d cpu=%d migratetype=%d
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In front of the page allocator is a per-cpu page allocator. It exists only
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for order-0 pages, reduces contention on the zone->lock and reduces the
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amount of writing on struct page.
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When a per-CPU list is empty or pages of the wrong type are allocated,
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the zone->lock will be taken once and the per-CPU list refilled. The event
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triggered is mm_page_alloc_zone_locked for each page allocated with the
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event indicating whether it is for a percpu_refill or not.
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When the per-CPU list is too full, a number of pages are freed, each one
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which triggers a mm_page_pcpu_drain event.
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The individual nature of the events is so that pages can be tracked
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between allocation and freeing. A number of drain or refill pages that occur
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consecutively imply the zone->lock being taken once. Large amounts of per-CPU
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refills and drains could imply an imbalance between CPUs where too much work
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is being concentrated in one place. It could also indicate that the per-CPU
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lists should be a larger size. Finally, large amounts of refills on one CPU
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and drains on another could be a factor in causing large amounts of cache
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line bounces due to writes between CPUs and worth investigating if pages
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can be allocated and freed on the same CPU through some algorithm change.
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5. External Fragmentation
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=========================
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mm_page_alloc_extfrag page=%p pfn=%lu alloc_order=%d fallback_order=%d pageblock_order=%d alloc_migratetype=%d fallback_migratetype=%d fragmenting=%d change_ownership=%d
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External fragmentation affects whether a high-order allocation will be
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successful or not. For some types of hardware, this is important although
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it is avoided where possible. If the system is using huge pages and needs
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to be able to resize the pool over the lifetime of the system, this value
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is important.
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Large numbers of this event implies that memory is fragmenting and
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high-order allocations will start failing at some time in the future. One
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means of reducing the occurrence of this event is to increase the size of
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min_free_kbytes in increments of 3*pageblock_size*nr_online_nodes where
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pageblock_size is usually the size of the default hugepage size.
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