@GDScript¶

Built-in GDScript functions.

Description¶

List of core built-in GDScript functions. Math functions and other utilities. Everything else is provided by objects. (Keywords: builtin, built in, global functions.)

Methods¶

Color	Color8 ( int r8, int g8, int b8, int a8=255 )
Color	ColorN ( String name, float alpha=1.0 )
float	abs ( float s )
float	acos ( float s )
float	asin ( float s )
void	assert ( bool condition, String message="" )
float	atan ( float s )
float	atan2 ( float y, float x )
Variant	bytes2var ( PoolByteArray bytes, bool allow_objects=false )
Vector2	cartesian2polar ( float x, float y )
float	ceil ( float s )
String	char ( int code )
float	clamp ( float value, float min, float max )
Variant	convert ( Variant what, int type )
float	cos ( float s )
float	cosh ( float s )
float	db2linear ( float db )
int	decimals ( float step )
float	dectime ( float value, float amount, float step )
bool	deep_equal ( Variant a, Variant b )
float	deg2rad ( float deg )
Object	dict2inst ( Dictionary dict )
float	ease ( float s, float curve )
float	exp ( float s )
float	floor ( float s )
float	fmod ( float a, float b )
float	fposmod ( float a, float b )
FuncRef	funcref ( Object instance, String funcname )
Array	get_stack ( )
int	hash ( Variant var )
Dictionary	inst2dict ( Object inst )
Object	instance_from_id ( int instance_id )
float	inverse_lerp ( float from, float to, float weight )
bool	is_equal_approx ( float a, float b )
bool	is_inf ( float s )
bool	is_instance_valid ( Object instance )
bool	is_nan ( float s )
bool	is_zero_approx ( float s )
int	len ( Variant var )
Variant	lerp ( Variant from, Variant to, float weight )
float	lerp_angle ( float from, float to, float weight )
float	linear2db ( float nrg )
Resource	load ( String path )
float	log ( float s )
float	max ( float a, float b )
float	min ( float a, float b )
float	move_toward ( float from, float to, float delta )
int	nearest_po2 ( int value )
int	ord ( String char )
Variant	parse_json ( String json )
Vector2	polar2cartesian ( float r, float th )
int	posmod ( int a, int b )
float	pow ( float base, float exp )
Resource	preload ( String path )
void	print ( ... ) vararg
void	print_debug ( ... ) vararg
void	print_stack ( )
void	printerr ( ... ) vararg
void	printraw ( ... ) vararg
void	prints ( ... ) vararg
void	printt ( ... ) vararg
void	push_error ( String message )
void	push_warning ( String message )
float	rad2deg ( float rad )
float	rand_range ( float from, float to )
Array	rand_seed ( int seed )
float	randf ( )
int	randi ( )
void	randomize ( )
Array	range ( ... ) vararg
float	range_lerp ( float value, float istart, float istop, float ostart, float ostop )
float	round ( float s )
void	seed ( int seed )
float	sign ( float s )
float	sin ( float s )
float	sinh ( float s )
float	smoothstep ( float from, float to, float s )
float	sqrt ( float s )
int	step_decimals ( float step )
float	stepify ( float s, float step )
String	str ( ... ) vararg
Variant	str2var ( String string )
float	tan ( float s )
float	tanh ( float s )
String	to_json ( Variant var )
bool	type_exists ( String type )
int	typeof ( Variant what )
String	validate_json ( String json )
PoolByteArray	var2bytes ( Variant var, bool full_objects=false )
String	var2str ( Variant var )
WeakRef	weakref ( Object obj )
float	wrapf ( float value, float min, float max )
int	wrapi ( int value, int min, int max )
GDScriptFunctionState	yield ( Object object=null, String signal="" )

Constants¶

PI = 3.141593

Constant that represents how many times the diameter of a circle fits around its perimeter. This is equivalent to TAU / 2.

TAU = 6.283185

The circle constant, the circumference of the unit circle in radians. This is equivalent to PI * 2, or 360 degrees in rotations.

INF = inf

Positive floating-point infinity. This is the result of floating-point division when the divisor is 0.0. For negative infinity, use -INF. Dividing by -0.0 will result in negative infinity if the numerator is positive, so dividing by 0.0 is not the same as dividing by -0.0 (despite 0.0 == -0.0 returning true).

Note: Numeric infinity is only a concept with floating-point numbers, and has no equivalent for integers. Dividing an integer number by 0 will not result in INF and will result in a run-time error instead.

NAN = nan

"Not a Number", an invalid floating-point value. NAN has special properties, including that it is not equal to itself (NAN == NAN returns false). It is output by some invalid operations, such as dividing floating-point 0.0 by 0.0.

Note: "Not a Number" is only a concept with floating-point numbers, and has no equivalent for integers. Dividing an integer 0 by 0 will not result in NAN and will result in a run-time error instead.

Method Descriptions¶

Color Color8 ( int r8, int g8, int b8, int a8=255 )

Returns a color constructed from integer red, green, blue, and alpha channels. Each channel should have 8 bits of information ranging from 0 to 255.

r8 red channel

g8 green channel

b8 blue channel

a8 alpha channel

red = Color8(255, 0, 0)

Color ColorN ( String name, float alpha=1.0 )

Returns a color according to the standardized name with alpha ranging from 0 to 1.

red = ColorN("red", 1)

Supported color names are the same as the constants defined in Color.

float abs ( float s )

Returns the absolute value of parameter s (i.e. positive value).

a = abs(-1) # a is 1

float acos ( float s )

Returns the arc cosine of s in radians. Use to get the angle of cosine s. s will be clamped between -1.0 and 1.0 (inclusive), in order to prevent acos from returning NAN.

# c is 0.523599 or 30 degrees if converted with rad2deg(s)
c = acos(0.866025)

float asin ( float s )

Returns the arc sine of s in radians. Use to get the angle of sine s. s will be clamped between -1.0 and 1.0 (inclusive), in order to prevent asin from returning NAN.

# s is 0.523599 or 30 degrees if converted with rad2deg(s)
s = asin(0.5)

void assert ( bool condition, String message="" )

Asserts that the condition is true. If the condition is false, an error is generated. When running from the editor, the running project will also be paused until you resume it. This can be used as a stronger form of push_error for reporting errors to project developers or add-on users.

Note: For performance reasons, the code inside assert is only executed in debug builds or when running the project from the editor. Don't include code that has side effects in an assert call. Otherwise, the project will behave differently when exported in release mode.

The optional message argument, if given, is shown in addition to the generic "Assertion failed" message. You can use this to provide additional details about why the assertion failed.

# Imagine we always want speed to be between 0 and 20.
var speed = -10
assert(speed < 20) # True, the program will continue
assert(speed >= 0) # False, the program will stop
assert(speed >= 0 and speed < 20) # You can also combine the two conditional statements in one check
assert(speed < 20, "speed = %f, but the speed limit is 20" % speed) # Show a message with clarifying details

float atan ( float s )

Returns the arc tangent of s in radians. Use it to get the angle from an angle's tangent in trigonometry: atan(tan(angle)) == angle.

The method cannot know in which quadrant the angle should fall. See atan2 if you have both y and x.

a = atan(0.5) # a is 0.463648

float atan2 ( float y, float x )

Returns the arc tangent of y/x in radians. Use to get the angle of tangent y/x. To compute the value, the method takes into account the sign of both arguments in order to determine the quadrant.

Important note: The Y coordinate comes first, by convention.

a = atan2(0, -1) # a is 3.141593

Variant bytes2var ( PoolByteArray bytes, bool allow_objects=false )

Decodes a byte array back to a value. When allow_objects is true decoding objects is allowed.

WARNING: Deserialized object can contain code which gets executed. Do not use this option if the serialized object comes from untrusted sources to avoid potential security threats (remote code execution).

Vector2 cartesian2polar ( float x, float y )

Converts a 2D point expressed in the cartesian coordinate system (X and Y axis) to the polar coordinate system (a distance from the origin and an angle).

float ceil ( float s )

Rounds s upward (towards positive infinity), returning the smallest whole number that is not less than s.

a = ceil(1.45)  # a is 2.0
a = ceil(1.001) # a is 2.0

See also floor, round, stepify, and int.

String char ( int code )

Returns a character as a String of the given Unicode code point (which is compatible with ASCII code).

a = char(65)      # a is "A"
a = char(65 + 32) # a is "a"
a = char(8364)    # a is "€"

This is the inverse of ord.

float clamp ( float value, float min, float max )

Clamps value and returns a value not less than min and not more than max.

a = clamp(1000, 1, 20) # a is 20
a = clamp(-10, 1, 20)  # a is 1
a = clamp(15, 1, 20)   # a is 15

Variant convert ( Variant what, int type )

Converts from a type to another in the best way possible. The type parameter uses the Variant.Type values.

a = Vector2(1, 0)
# Prints 1
print(a.length())
a = convert(a, TYPE_STRING)
# Prints 6 as "(1, 0)" is 6 characters
print(a.length())

float cos ( float s )

Returns the cosine of angle s in radians.

a = cos(TAU) # a is 1.0
a = cos(PI)  # a is -1.0

float cosh ( float s )

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of s in radians.

print(cosh(1)) # Prints 1.543081

float db2linear ( float db )

Converts from decibels to linear energy (audio).

int decimals ( float step )

Deprecated alias for step_decimals.

float dectime ( float value, float amount, float step )

Note: dectime has been deprecated and will be removed in Godot 4.0, please use move_toward instead.

Returns the result of value decreased by step * amount.

a = dectime(60, 10, 0.1)) # a is 59.0

bool deep_equal ( Variant a, Variant b )

Compares two values by checking their actual contents, recursing into any Array or Dictionary up to its deepest level.

This compares to == in a number of ways:

For null, int, float, String, Object and RID both deep_equal and == work the same.
For Dictionary, == considers equality if, and only if, both variables point to the very same Dictionary, with no recursion or awareness of the contents at all.
For Array, == considers equality if, and only if, each item in the first Array is equal to its counterpart in the second Array, as told by == itself. That implies that == recurses into Array, but not into Dictionary.

In short, whenever a Dictionary is potentially involved, if you want a true content-aware comparison, you have to use deep_equal.

float deg2rad ( float deg )

Converts an angle expressed in degrees to radians.

r = deg2rad(180) # r is 3.141593

Object dict2inst ( Dictionary dict )

Converts a dictionary (previously created with inst2dict) back to an instance. Useful for deserializing.

float ease ( float s, float curve )

Returns an "eased" value of x based on an easing function defined with curve. This easing function is based on an exponent. The curve can be any floating-point number, with specific values leading to the following behaviors:

- Lower than -1.0 (exclusive): Ease in-out
- 1.0: Linear
- Between -1.0 and 0.0 (exclusive): Ease out-in
- 0.0: Constant
- Between 0.0 to 1.0 (exclusive): Ease out
- 1.0: Linear
- Greater than 1.0 (exclusive): Ease in

ease() curve values cheatsheet

See also smoothstep. If you need to perform more advanced transitions, use Tween or AnimationPlayer.

float exp ( float s )

The natural exponential function. It raises the mathematical constant e to the power of s and returns it.

e has an approximate value of 2.71828, and can be obtained with exp(1).

For exponents to other bases use the method pow.

a = exp(2) # Approximately 7.39

float floor ( float s )

Rounds s downward (towards negative infinity), returning the largest whole number that is not more than s.

a = floor(2.45)  # a is 2.0
a = floor(2.99)  # a is 2.0
a = floor(-2.99) # a is -3.0

See also ceil, round, stepify, and int.

Note: This method returns a float. If you need an integer and s is a non-negative number, you can use int(s) directly.

float fmod ( float a, float b )

Returns the floating-point remainder of a/b, keeping the sign of a.

r = fmod(7, 5.5) # r is 1.5

For the integer remainder operation, use the % operator.

float fposmod ( float a, float b )

Returns the floating-point modulus of a/b that wraps equally in positive and negative.

for i in 7:
    var x = 0.5 * i - 1.5
    print("%4.1f %4.1f %4.1f" % [x, fmod(x, 1.5), fposmod(x, 1.5)])

Produces:

-1.5 -0.0  0.0
-1.0 -1.0  0.5
-0.5 -0.5  1.0
 0.0  0.0  0.0
 0.5  0.5  0.5
 1.0  1.0  1.0
 1.5  0.0  0.0

FuncRef funcref ( Object instance, String funcname )

Returns a reference to the specified function funcname in the instance node. As functions aren't first-class objects in GDscript, use funcref to store a FuncRef in a variable and call it later.

func foo():
    return("bar")

a = funcref(self, "foo")
print(a.call_func()) # Prints bar

Array get_stack ( )

Returns an array of dictionaries representing the current call stack. See also print_stack.

func _ready():
    foo()

func foo():
    bar()

func bar():
    print(get_stack())

would print

[{function:bar, line:12, source:res://script.gd}, {function:foo, line:9, source:res://script.gd}, {function:_ready, line:6, source:res://script.gd}]

Note: get_stack only works if the running instance is connected to a debugging server (i.e. an editor instance). get_stack will not work in projects exported in release mode, or in projects exported in debug mode if not connected to a debugging server.

int hash ( Variant var )

Returns the integer hash of the variable passed.

print(hash("a")) # Prints 177670

Dictionary inst2dict ( Object inst )

Returns the passed instance converted to a dictionary (useful for serializing).

var foo = "bar"
func _ready():
    var d = inst2dict(self)
    print(d.keys())
    print(d.values())

Prints out:

[@subpath, @path, foo]
[, res://test.gd, bar]

Object instance_from_id ( int instance_id )

Returns the Object that corresponds to instance_id. All Objects have a unique instance ID.

var foo = "bar"
func _ready():
    var id = get_instance_id()
    var inst = instance_from_id(id)
    print(inst.foo) # Prints bar

float inverse_lerp ( float from, float to, float weight )

Returns an interpolation or extrapolation factor considering the range specified in from and to, and the interpolated value specified in weight. The returned value will be between 0.0 and 1.0 if weight is between from and to (inclusive). If weight is located outside this range, then an extrapolation factor will be returned (return value lower than 0.0 or greater than 1.0). Use clamp on the result of inverse_lerp if this is not desired.

# The interpolation ratio in the `lerp()` call below is 0.75.
var middle = lerp(20, 30, 0.75)
# `middle` is now 27.5.
# Now, we pretend to have forgotten the original ratio and want to get it back.
var ratio = inverse_lerp(20, 30, 27.5)
# `ratio` is now 0.75.

See also lerp which performs the reverse of this operation, and range_lerp to map a continuous series of values to another.

bool is_equal_approx ( float a, float b )

Returns true if a and b are approximately equal to each other.

Here, approximately equal means that a and b are within a small internal epsilon of each other, which scales with the magnitude of the numbers.

Infinity values of the same sign are considered equal.

bool is_inf ( float s )

Returns whether s is an infinity value (either positive infinity or negative infinity).

bool is_instance_valid ( Object instance )

Returns whether instance is a valid object (e.g. has not been deleted from memory).

bool is_nan ( float s )

Returns whether s is a NaN ("Not a Number" or invalid) value.

bool is_zero_approx ( float s )

Returns true if s is zero or almost zero.

This method is faster than using is_equal_approx with one value as zero.

int len ( Variant var )

Returns length of Variant var. Length is the character count of String, element count of Array, size of Dictionary, etc.

Note: Generates a fatal error if Variant can not provide a length.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
len(a) # Returns 4

Variant lerp ( Variant from, Variant to, float weight )

Linearly interpolates between two values by the factor defined in weight. To perform interpolation, weight should be between 0.0 and 1.0 (inclusive). However, values outside this range are allowed and can be used to perform extrapolation. Use clamp on the result of lerp if this is not desired.

If the from and to arguments are of type int or float, the return value is a float.

If both are of the same vector type (Vector2, Vector3 or Color), the return value will be of the same type (lerp then calls the vector type's linear_interpolate method).

lerp(0, 4, 0.75) # Returns 3.0
lerp(Vector2(1, 5), Vector2(3, 2), 0.5) # Returns Vector2(2, 3.5)

See also inverse_lerp which performs the reverse of this operation. To perform eased interpolation with lerp, combine it with ease or smoothstep. See also range_lerp to map a continuous series of values to another.

float lerp_angle ( float from, float to, float weight )

Linearly interpolates between two angles (in radians) by a normalized value.

Similar to lerp, but interpolates correctly when the angles wrap around TAU. To perform eased interpolation with lerp_angle, combine it with ease or smoothstep.

extends Sprite
var elapsed = 0.0
func _process(delta):
    var min_angle = deg2rad(0.0)
    var max_angle = deg2rad(90.0)
    rotation = lerp_angle(min_angle, max_angle, elapsed)
    elapsed += delta

Note: This method lerps through the shortest path between from and to. However, when these two angles are approximately PI + k * TAU apart for any integer k, it's not obvious which way they lerp due to floating-point precision errors. For example, lerp_angle(0, PI, weight) lerps counter-clockwise, while lerp_angle(0, PI + 5 * TAU, weight) lerps clockwise.

float linear2db ( float nrg )

Converts from linear energy to decibels (audio). This can be used to implement volume sliders that behave as expected (since volume isn't linear). Example:

# "Slider" refers to a node that inherits Range such as HSlider or VSlider.
# Its range must be configured to go from 0 to 1.
# Change the bus name if you'd like to change the volume of a specific bus only.
AudioServer.set_bus_volume_db(AudioServer.get_bus_index("Master"), linear2db($Slider.value))

Resource load ( String path )

Loads a resource from the filesystem located at path. The resource is loaded on the method call (unless it's referenced already elsewhere, e.g. in another script or in the scene), which might cause slight delay, especially when loading scenes. To avoid unnecessary delays when loading something multiple times, either store the resource in a variable or use preload.

Note: Resource paths can be obtained by right-clicking on a resource in the FileSystem dock and choosing "Copy Path" or by dragging the file from the FileSystem dock into the script.

# Load a scene called main located in the root of the project directory and cache it in a variable.
var main = load("res://main.tscn") # main will contain a PackedScene resource.

Important: The path must be absolute, a local path will just return null.

This method is a simplified version of ResourceLoader.load, which can be used for more advanced scenarios.

float log ( float s )

Returns the natural logarithm of s (base [i]e[/i], with e being approximately 2.71828). This is the amount of time needed to reach a certain level of continuous growth.

Note: This is not the same as the "log" function on most calculators, which uses a base 10 logarithm. To use base 10 logarithm, use log(x) / log(10).

log(10) # Returns 2.302585

Note: The logarithm of 0 returns -inf, while negative values return -nan.

float max ( float a, float b )

Returns the maximum of two values.

max(1, 2) # Returns 2
max(-3.99, -4) # Returns -3.99

float min ( float a, float b )

Returns the minimum of two values.

min(1, 2) # Returns 1
min(-3.99, -4) # Returns -4

float move_toward ( float from, float to, float delta )

Moves from toward to by the delta value.

Use a negative delta value to move away.

move_toward(5, 10, 4) # Returns 9
move_toward(10, 5, 4) # Returns 6
move_toward(10, 5, -1.5) # Returns 11.5

int nearest_po2 ( int value )

Returns the nearest equal or larger power of 2 for integer value.

In other words, returns the smallest value a where a = pow(2, n) such that value <= a for some non-negative integer n.

nearest_po2(3) # Returns 4
nearest_po2(4) # Returns 4
nearest_po2(5) # Returns 8

nearest_po2(0) # Returns 0 (this may not be what you expect)
nearest_po2(-1) # Returns 0 (this may not be what you expect)

WARNING: Due to the way it is implemented, this function returns 0 rather than 1 for non-positive values of value (in reality, 1 is the smallest integer power of 2).

int ord ( String char )

Returns an integer representing the Unicode code point of the given Unicode character char.

a = ord("A") # a is 65
a = ord("a") # a is 97
a = ord("€") # a is 8364

This is the inverse of char.

Variant parse_json ( String json )

Parse JSON text to a Variant. (Use typeof to check if the Variant's type is what you expect.)

Note: The JSON specification does not define integer or float types, but only a number type. Therefore, parsing a JSON text will convert all numerical values to float types.

Note: JSON objects do not preserve key order like Godot dictionaries, thus, you should not rely on keys being in a certain order if a dictionary is constructed from JSON. In contrast, JSON arrays retain the order of their elements:

var p = JSON.parse('["hello", "world", "!"]')
if typeof(p.result) == TYPE_ARRAY:
    print(p.result[0]) # Prints "hello"
else:
    push_error("Unexpected results.")

See also JSON for an alternative way to parse JSON text.

Vector2 polar2cartesian ( float r, float th )

Converts a 2D point expressed in the polar coordinate system (a distance from the origin r and an angle th) to the cartesian coordinate system (X and Y axis).

int posmod ( int a, int b )

Returns the integer modulus of a/b that wraps equally in positive and negative.

for i in range(-3, 4):
    print("%2d %2d %2d" % [i, i % 3, posmod(i, 3)])

Produces:

float pow ( float base, float exp )

Returns the result of base raised to the power of exp.

pow(2, 5) # Returns 32.0

Resource preload ( String path )

Returns a Resource from the filesystem located at path. The resource is loaded during script parsing, i.e. is loaded with the script and preload effectively acts as a reference to that resource. Note that the method requires a constant path. If you want to load a resource from a dynamic/variable path, use load.

Note: Resource paths can be obtained by right clicking on a resource in the Assets Panel and choosing "Copy Path" or by dragging the file from the FileSystem dock into the script.

# Instance a scene.
var diamond = preload("res://diamond.tscn").instance()

void print ( ... ) vararg

Converts one or more arguments of any type to string in the best way possible and prints them to the console.

a = [1, 2, 3]
print("a", "=", a) # Prints a=[1, 2, 3]

Note: Consider using push_error and push_warning to print error and warning messages instead of print. This distinguishes them from print messages used for debugging purposes, while also displaying a stack trace when an error or warning is printed.

void print_debug ( ... ) vararg

Like print, but includes the current stack frame when running with the debugger turned on.

Output in the console would look something like this:

Test print
   At: res://test.gd:15:_process()

void print_stack ( )

Prints a stack trace at the current code location. See also get_stack.

Output in the console would look something like this:

Frame 0 - res://test.gd:16 in function '_process'

Note: print_stack only works if the running instance is connected to a debugging server (i.e. an editor instance). print_stack will not work in projects exported in release mode, or in projects exported in debug mode if not connected to a debugging server.

void printerr ( ... ) vararg

Prints one or more arguments to strings in the best way possible to standard error line.

printerr("prints to stderr")

void printraw ( ... ) vararg

Prints one or more arguments to strings in the best way possible to console. No newline is added at the end.

printraw("A")
printraw("B")
# Prints AB

Note: Due to limitations with Godot's built-in console, this only prints to the terminal. If you need to print in the editor, use another method, such as print.

void prints ( ... ) vararg

Prints one or more arguments to the console with a space between each argument.

prints("A", "B", "C") # Prints A B C

void printt ( ... ) vararg

Prints one or more arguments to the console with a tab between each argument.

printt("A", "B", "C") # Prints A       B       C

void push_error ( String message )

Pushes an error message to Godot's built-in debugger and to the OS terminal.

push_error("test error") # Prints "test error" to debugger and terminal as error call

Note: Errors printed this way will not pause project execution. To print an error message and pause project execution in debug builds, use assert(false, "test error") instead.

void push_warning ( String message )

Pushes a warning message to Godot's built-in debugger and to the OS terminal.

push_warning("test warning") # Prints "test warning" to debugger and terminal as warning call

float rad2deg ( float rad )

Converts an angle expressed in radians to degrees.

rad2deg(0.523599) # Returns 30.0

float rand_range ( float from, float to )

Returns a random floating point value between from and to (both endpoints inclusive).

prints(rand_range(0, 1), rand_range(0, 1)) # Prints e.g. 0.135591 0.405263

Note: This is equivalent to randf() * (to - from) + from.

Array rand_seed ( int seed )

Random from seed: pass a seed, and an array with both number and new seed is returned. "Seed" here refers to the internal state of the pseudo random number generator. The internal state of the current implementation is 64 bits.

float randf ( )

Returns a random floating point value on the interval [0, 1].

randf() # Returns e.g. 0.375671

int randi ( )

Returns a random unsigned 32-bit integer. Use remainder to obtain a random value in the interval [0, N - 1] (where N is smaller than 2^32).

randi()           # Returns random integer between 0 and 2^32 - 1
randi() % 20      # Returns random integer between 0 and 19
randi() % 100     # Returns random integer between 0 and 99
randi() % 100 + 1 # Returns random integer between 1 and 100

void randomize ( )

Randomizes the seed (or the internal state) of the random number generator. Current implementation reseeds using a number based on time.

func _ready():
    randomize()

Array range ( ... ) vararg

Returns an array with the given range. range can be called in three ways:

range(n: int): Starts from 0, increases by steps of 1, and stops before n. The argument n is exclusive.

range(b: int, n: int): Starts from b, increases by steps of 1, and stops before n. The arguments b and n are inclusive and exclusive, respectively.

range(b: int, n: int, s: int): Starts from b, increases/decreases by steps of s, and stops before n. The arguments b and n are inclusive and exclusive, respectively. The argument s can be negative, but not 0. If s is 0, an error message is printed.

range converts all arguments to int before processing.

Note: Returns an empty array if no value meets the value constraint (e.g. range(2, 5, -1) or range(5, 5, 1)).

Examples:

print(range(4))        # Prints [0, 1, 2, 3]
print(range(2, 5))     # Prints [2, 3, 4]
print(range(0, 6, 2))  # Prints [0, 2, 4]
print(range(4, 1, -1)) # Prints [4, 3, 2]

To iterate over an Array backwards, use:

var array = [3, 6, 9]
for i in range(array.size(), 0, -1):
    print(array[i - 1])

Output:

9
6
3

float range_lerp ( float value, float istart, float istop, float ostart, float ostop )

Maps a value from range [istart, istop] to [ostart, ostop]. See also lerp and inverse_lerp. If value is outside [istart, istop], then the resulting value will also be outside [ostart, ostop]. Use clamp on the result of range_lerp if this is not desired.

range_lerp(75, 0, 100, -1, 1) # Returns 0.5

For complex use cases where you need multiple ranges, consider using Curve or Gradient instead.

float round ( float s )

Rounds s to the nearest whole number, with halfway cases rounded away from zero.

a = round(2.49) # a is 2.0
a = round(2.5)  # a is 3.0
a = round(2.51) # a is 3.0